El apoyo mutuo
- Idioma:
- inglés
- Estado:
- Obra completa
- Autoría:
- Escrita por el autor
- Estado del texto:
- Texto limpio
- Extensión:
- ~110.000 palabras · 546 pasajes
Cita esta obra
- APAPiotr Kropotkin. (n.d.). El apoyo mutuo. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/es/works/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution
- MLAPiotr Kropotkin. "El apoyo mutuo." SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/es/works/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution.
- ChicagoPiotr Kropotkin. El apoyo mutuo. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/es/works/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution.
De qué trata
La respuesta de Kropotkin, de 1902, a quienes decían que Darwin demostraba que la vida es una lucha de todos contra todos: la cooperación, dice, también es un factor de la evolución, y más frecuente.
Contexto e historia
Kropotkin era geógrafo y había pasado cinco años en Siberia buscando la competencia despiadada que esperaba encontrar allí; lo que vio fueron animales ayudándose a sobrevivir a un clima que los mataba. El libro recorre las hormigas, las aves, los mamíferos, las tribus, los pueblos medievales con sus gremios y comunales, y los sindicatos y sociedades de socorro de su tiempo. Su tesis no es que la competencia no exista, sino que el «darwinismo social» de Huxley había tomado media teoría y había hecho de ella una ideología. Kropotkin era anarquista y príncipe de nacimiento, y el libro sirve de fundamento biológico a su política; conviene leerlo sabiéndolo, y sabiendo también que la biología posterior le ha dado más razón de lo que parecía.
Contexto editorial, no una fuente citable: a diferencia de los pasajes de la obra, estos datos no se pueden comprobar contra el corpus.
Two aspects of animal life impressed me most during the journeys which I made in my youth in Eastern Siberia and Northern Manchuria. One of them was the extreme severity of the struggle for existence which most species of animals have to carry on against an inclement Nature; the enormous destruction of life which periodically results from natural agencies; and the consequent paucity of life over the vast territory which fell under my observation. And the other was, that even in those few spots where animal life teemed in abundance, I failed to find--although I was eagerly looking for it--that bitter struggle for the means of existence, among animals belonging to the same species, which was considered by most Darwinists (though not always by Darwin himself) as the dominant characteristic of struggle for life, and the main factor of evolution. The terrible snow-storms which sweep over the northern portion of Eurasia in the later part of the winter, and the glazed frost that often follows them; the frosts and the snow-storms which return every year in the second half of May, when the trees are already in full blossom and insect life swarms everywhere; the early frosts and, occasionally, the heavy snowfalls in July and August, which suddenly destroy myriads of insects, as well as the second broods of the birds in the prairies; the torrential rains, due to the monsoons, which fall in more temperate regions in August and September--resulting in inundations on a scale which is only known in America and in Eastern Asia, and swamping, on the plateaus, areas as wide as European States; and finally, the heavy snowfalls, early in October, which eventually render a territory as large as France and Germany, absolutely impracticable for ruminants, and destroy them by the thousand--these were the conditions under which I saw animal life struggling in Northern Asia.…