Éthique — partie 1
- Langue:
- anglais
- État:
- Œuvre complète
- Paternité:
- Écrite par l'auteur
- État du texte:
- Texte propre
- Étendue:
- ~14 500 mots · 69 passages
Citer cette œuvre
- APABaruch Spinoza. (n.d.). Éthique — partie 1. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/fr/works/baruch-spinoza/ethics-part-1
- MLABaruch Spinoza. "Éthique — partie 1." SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/fr/works/baruch-spinoza/ethics-part-1.
- ChicagoBaruch Spinoza. Éthique — partie 1. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/fr/works/baruch-spinoza/ethics-part-1.
De quoi il s'agit
Un système complet — Dieu, l'esprit, les affects, la liberté — démontré comme de la géométrie : définitions, axiomes et propositions culminant dans l'idée que la liberté, c'est comprendre la nécessité.
Contexte et histoire
Spinoza acheva l'Éthique vers 1675 et renonça à la publier de son vivant : le scandale de son 'Deus sive Natura' — Dieu et la Nature ne faisant qu'un — l'aurait enseveli. Elle parut en 1677, quelques mois après sa mort, dans les Opera Posthuma, et fut interdite presque aussitôt. Son auteur avait vécu à La Haye en polissant des lentilles, excommunié de la communauté juive d'Amsterdam à vingt-trois ans par un anathème d'une dureté jamais révoquée. Pendant un siècle, « spinoziste » fut une insulte ; ensuite, pour l'idéalisme allemand et bien d'autres, la montagne à laquelle toute philosophie doit se mesurer.
Contexte éditorial, non une source citable : contrairement aux passages de l'œuvre, ces données ne peuvent pas être vérifiées dans le corpus.
I. By that which is 'self-caused' I mean that of which the essence involves existence, or that of which the nature is only conceivable as existent. II. A thing is called 'finite after its kind' when it can be limited by another thing of the same nature; for instance, a body is called finite because we always conceive another greater body. So, also, a thought is limited by another thought, but a body is not limited by thought, nor a thought by body. III. By 'substance' I mean that which is in itself, and is conceived through itself: in other words, that of which a conception can be formed independently of any other conception. IV. By 'attribute' I mean that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance. V. By 'mode' I mean the modifications ("affectiones") of substance, or that which exists in, and is conceived through, something other than itself. VI. By 'God' I mean a being absolutely infinite--that is, a substance consisting in infinite attributes, of which each expresses eternal and infinite essentiality. >>>>>Explanation--I say absolutely infinite, not infinite after its kind: for, of a thing infinite only after its kind, infinite attributes may be denied; but that which is absolutely infinite, contains in its essence whatever expresses reality, and involves no negation. VII. That thing is called 'free,' which exists solely by the necessity of its own nature, and of which the action is determined by itself alone. On the other hand, that thing is necessary, or rather constrained, which is determined by something external to itself to a fixed and definite method of existence or action. VIII. By 'eternity' I mean existence itself, in so far as it is conceived necessarily to follow solely from the definition of that which is eternal.…