相互扶助論
- 言語:
- 英語
- 状態:
- 完全な作品
- 著者性:
- 著者自身による
- テキストの状態:
- 良好なテキスト
- 分量:
- 約 110,000 語 · 546 節
この作品を引用
- APAピョートル・クロポトキン. (n.d.). 相互扶助論. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/ja/works/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution
- MLAピョートル・クロポトキン. "相互扶助論." SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/ja/works/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution.
- Chicagoピョートル・クロポトキン. 相互扶助論. SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/ja/works/peter-kropotkin/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution.
何についての本か
一九〇二年、「ダーウィンは生命が万人の万人に対する闘いであることを示した」と言う者たちへのクロポトキンの答え。相互扶助もまた進化の一因であり、しかもより多く見られる、と論じる。
背景と歴史
クロポトキンは地理学者であり、シベリアで五年を過ごした。そこで見出すはずと思っていたのは容赦のない競争だった。実際に目にしたのは、自分たちを殺しにかかる気候を生き延びるために助け合う動物たちだった。書はアリを、鳥を、哺乳類を、部族を、ギルドと入会地をもつ中世の都市を、そして同時代の労働組合と共済組合を、順に辿っていく。競争は存在しないというのが主張ではない。ハクスリーの「社会ダーウィニズム」は理論の半分だけを取り、それをイデオロギーに仕立てた、というのだ。クロポトキンはアナキストであり、生まれは公爵である。この書は彼の政治に生物学上の土台を与えている。それを承知の上で読むのがよい。そして、後年の生物学がかつて見えていた以上に彼を裏づけたことも承知しておくとよい。
これは編集上の背景であり、引用できる典拠ではありません。作品本文の一節とは異なり、これらの記述はコーパスで検証できません。
Two aspects of animal life impressed me most during the journeys which I made in my youth in Eastern Siberia and Northern Manchuria. One of them was the extreme severity of the struggle for existence which most species of animals have to carry on against an inclement Nature; the enormous destruction of life which periodically results from natural agencies; and the consequent paucity of life over the vast territory which fell under my observation. And the other was, that even in those few spots where animal life teemed in abundance, I failed to find--although I was eagerly looking for it--that bitter struggle for the means of existence, among animals belonging to the same species, which was considered by most Darwinists (though not always by Darwin himself) as the dominant characteristic of struggle for life, and the main factor of evolution. The terrible snow-storms which sweep over the northern portion of Eurasia in the later part of the winter, and the glazed frost that often follows them; the frosts and the snow-storms which return every year in the second half of May, when the trees are already in full blossom and insect life swarms everywhere; the early frosts and, occasionally, the heavy snowfalls in July and August, which suddenly destroy myriads of insects, as well as the second broods of the birds in the prairies; the torrential rains, due to the monsoons, which fall in more temperate regions in August and September--resulting in inundations on a scale which is only known in America and in Eastern Asia, and swamping, on the plateaus, areas as wide as European States; and finally, the heavy snowfalls, early in October, which eventually render a territory as large as France and Germany, absolutely impracticable for ruminants, and destroy them by the thousand--these were the conditions under which I saw animal life struggling in Northern Asia.…