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On Liberty

जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल

भाषा:
अंग्रेज़ी
स्थिति:
संपूर्ण कृति
लेखकत्व:
लेखक द्वारा लिखित
पाठ की स्थिति:
स्कैन की कोई गड़बड़ी नहीं मिली (पूरे पाठ पर स्वचालित माप, हाथ से जाँचा नहीं गया)
विस्तार:
~55,200 शब्द · 262 अंश
इस कृति का हवाला दें
  • APAजॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल. (n.d.). On Liberty. Digital reproduction: SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/hi/works/john-stuart-mill/on-liberty
  • MLAजॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल. On Liberty. Digital reproduction, SigPhi, https://sigphiai.com/hi/works/john-stuart-mill/on-liberty.
  • Chicagoजॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल. On Liberty. Digital reproduction, SigPhi. https://sigphiai.com/hi/works/john-stuart-mill/on-liberty.

यह उस संस्करण का संदर्भ है जिसे SigPhi पुनः प्रस्तुत करता है: SigPhi उसकी डिजिटल प्रति है, प्रकाशक नहीं। संस्करण का वर्ष मेटाडेटा में नहीं है (इसलिए «n.d.»), और अनुवादक तभी दिखाया जाता है जब वह दर्ज हो।

यह किस बारे में है

वैयक्तिक स्वतंत्रता का क्लासिक बचाव: किसी पर उसकी इच्छा के विरुद्ध शक्ति प्रयोग का एकमात्र वैध कारण है दूसरों की हानि रोकना — कभी भी उसका अपना भला नहीं, न बहुमत की राय।

संदर्भ और इतिहास

1859 में प्रकाशित, उसी वर्ष जब 'प्रजातियों की उत्पत्ति' छपी। मिल ने इसे अपनी पत्नी हैरियट टेलर के साथ रचा था, जिनका देहांत एक वर्ष पहले हो गया; समर्पण में वे इसे आधा उन्हीं का कहते हैं, और फिर कभी इसकी एक पंक्ति भी बदलने से इनकार किया। उन्हें उतनी चिंता तानाशाह की नहीं थी जितनी एक नए ख़तरे की: लोकतांत्रिक समाजों में बहुमत और रूढ़ि का अत्याचार, अलग सोचने वाले का सामाजिक दम घोंटना। अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता पर आज तक चल रही बहस की शर्तें इसी कृति ने तय की हैं।

यह संपादकीय संदर्भ है, उद्धरण-योग्य स्रोत नहीं: कृति के अंशों के विपरीत, इन कथनों की जाँच कॉर्पस में नहीं की जा सकती।

शुरुआत
deductions are more difficult. There is no question that Mill's infatuation was the cause of considerable trouble to his acquaintances and friends. His father openly taxed him with being in love with another man's wife. Roebuck, Mrs. Grote, Mrs. Austin, Miss Harriet Martineau were amongst those who suffered because they made some allusion to a forbidden subject. Mrs. Taylor lived with her daughter in a lodging in the country; but in 1851 her husband died, and then Mill made her his wife. Opinions were widely divergent as to her merits; but every one agreed that up to the time of her death, in 1858, Mill was wholly lost to his friends. George Mill, one of Mill's younger brothers, gave it as his opinion that she was a clever and remarkable woman, but "nothing like what John took her to be." Carlyle, in his reminiscences, described her with ambiguous epithets. She was "vivid," "iridescent," "pale and passionate and sad-looking, a living-romance heroine of the royalist volition and questionable destiny." It is not possible to make much of a judgment like this, but we get on more certain ground when we discover that Mrs. Carlyle said on one occasion that "she is thought to be dangerous," and that Carlyle added that she was worse than dangerous, she was patronising. The occasion when Mill and his wife were brought into close contact with the Carlyles is well known. The manuscript of the first volume of the _French Revolution_ had been lent to Mill, and was accidentally burnt by Mrs. Mill's servant. Mill and his wife drove up to Carlyle's door, the wife speechless, the husband so full of conversation that he detained Carlyle with desperate attempts at loquacity for two hours. But Dr. Garnett tells us, in his _Life of Carlyle_, that Mill made a substantial reparation for the calamity for which he was responsible by inducing the aggrieved author to accept half of the L200 which he offered. Mrs.…

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